In other words, a BHO product like shatter, once extracted, was then processed to remove any of the residual butane left over, leaving 0% butane, making it solvent-free. Solvent-free concentrates are any concentrates purged of all their solvents. Ice water hash, pressed rosin, and kief are some examples of solvent-less products. Solvent-less concentrates do not use any solvents. They don’t mean the same thing, but often are confused. Unfortunately, terminology gets a little confusing here. What are solvent-less or solvent-free concentrates? Are they the same? RSO or Rick Simpson Oil is an example of ethanol extraction, although many tinctures use this method as well. However, ethanol extracts can also be much purer as newer methods work with ethanol’s odd polarity. Often, ethanol will pull the chlorophyll from the plant along with the cannabinoids and terpenes, producing a dark color and more bitter plant flavor. A solution that is very high in alcohol content, ethanol extracts contain the most plant compounds. We’ll discuss how one can safely consume these extracts in the section below about Purging. Hydrocarbon extraction is controversial to some because it uses both volatile and toxic chemicals. Butane arguably extracts the most amount of terpenes and cannabinoids from cannabis precisely, while carrying no other compounds with it. By controlling the temperature and pressure of the solvent within the machine, one can create many different types of extracts, from budder and wax to live resin and diamonds. Butane hash oil, or BHO, is any product created by extracting cannabis using butane. Hydrocarbon extractions use solvents like propane, or more popularly, butane. It’s clean, safe, and can even be sustainable, as CO2 can be captured and recycled. However, CO2 can be used to create a wide range of other concentrates, like wax and shatter. It can also be tweaked to extract other cannabinoids and terpenes, which is how most vape pen companies create their products. CO2 also quickly creates high-THC potency cannabis extracts, which are oils that contain up to 99% THC, and almost nothing else. On the high end, CO2 is very effective at extracting full-spectrum oil, an extract that includes all of the cannabinoids and terpenes from the plant. What products are created by different solvents? Some argue that water used in water-hash is a solvent, but others point out that the process uses mechanical separation, making the product a solvent-less concentrate. CO2 is such a solvent (and the most widely used). Non-volatile solvents are not flammable or explosive when in the air. Solvents such as butane, propane, and ethanol are considered volatile compounds, and companies that use them must get a special license to operate and follow enhanced standard operating procedures for safety. Sometimes, those solvents are volatile-meaning flammable-and can even explode if there is sufficient airflow. It will also leave undesirable compounds in the extraction, such as lipids and chlorophyll. When the solvent meets the plant, it begins separating specific compounds based on exact temperatures and pressures, such as just THC or even multiple cannabinoids and terpenes, such as we see in live resin. It then flows into a chamber where the cannabis plant waits for processing. The way it works, in general, is that a fluid such as CO2 or Butane enters an extraction machine, which cools it to a liquid state. A solvent is any solution used to separate components of the cannabis plant during extraction. What’s the difference between volatile and non-volatile solvents? Cannabis flower is added to a CO2 extractor feed vessel for supercritical full-spectrum extraction. These solvents include ethanol (alcohol), butane, propane, and CO2, among others. Cannabis extracts are a form of concentrates, achieved exclusively by using solvents to precisely separate the highest potency of cannabinoids and terpenes. The purpose is to ensure a higher amount of potency through concentrating the cannabinoids and terpenes, and a lesser amount of plant matter. Cannabis concentrates are just that: concentrated forms of cannabis achieved through both mechanical and solvent-based processes. What is a cannabis extract? Is it the same as a concentrate? What are the different extraction methods? Is one better than another? Let’s explore how it all works. By extracting cannabinoids from the plant in order to produce different types of concentrates, brands can deliver products with higher consistency as well as specific formulations designed to treat unique conditions and provide predictable effects. While traditional handmade hash has been around for presumably thousands of years, only recently has science unlocked the full spectrum of cannabis concentrates. The cannabis industry is extraordinary, particularly when the plant intersects with science.
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